23th completed

.rustlings-state.txt

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 DON'T EDIT THIS FILE!
 
-box1
+as_ref_mut
 
 intro1
 intro2
@@ -77,3 +77,22 @@ iterators2
 iterators3
 iterators4
 iterators5
+box1
+rc1
+arc1
+cow1
+threads1
+threads2
+threads3
+macros1
+macros2
+macros3
+macros4
+clippy1
+clippy2
+clippy3
+using_as
+from_into
+from_str
+try_from_into
+as_ref_mut

exercises/19_smart_pointers/arc1.rs

@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ fn main() {
     let numbers: Vec<_> = (0..100u32).collect();
 
     // TODO: Define `shared_numbers` by using `Arc`.
-    // let shared_numbers = ???;
+     let shared_numbers = Arc::new(numbers);
 
     let mut join_handles = Vec::new();
 
     for offset in 0..8 {
         // TODO: Define `child_numbers` using `shared_numbers`.
-        // let child_numbers = ???;
+        let child_numbers = Arc::clone(&shared_numbers);
 
         let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
             let sum: u32 = child_numbers.iter().filter(|&&n| n % 8 == offset).sum();

exercises/19_smart_pointers/box1.rs

@@ -12,18 +12,18 @@
 // TODO: Use a `Box` in the enum definition to make the code compile.
 #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum List {
-    Cons(i32, List),
+    Cons(i32, Box<List>),
     Nil,
 }
 
 // TODO: Create an empty cons list.
 fn create_empty_list() -> List {
-    todo!()
+    List::Nil
 }
 
 // TODO: Create a non-empty cons list.
 fn create_non_empty_list() -> List {
-    todo!()
+    List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Nil))
 }
 
 fn main() {

exercises/19_smart_pointers/cow1.rs

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut input = Cow::from(&vec);
         abs_all(&mut input);
         // TODO: Replace `todo!()` with `Cow::Owned(_)` or `Cow::Borrowed(_)`.
-        assert!(matches!(input, todo!()));
+        assert!(matches!(input,Cow::Borrowed(_)));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut input = Cow::from(vec);
         abs_all(&mut input);
         // TODO: Replace `todo!()` with `Cow::Owned(_)` or `Cow::Borrowed(_)`.
-        assert!(matches!(input, todo!()));
+        assert!(matches!(input, Cow::Owned(_)));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -64,6 +64,6 @@ mod tests {
         let mut input = Cow::from(vec);
         abs_all(&mut input);
         // TODO: Replace `todo!()` with `Cow::Owned(_)` or `Cow::Borrowed(_)`.
-        assert!(matches!(input, todo!()));
+        assert!(matches!(input,Cow::Owned(_)));
     }
 }

exercises/19_smart_pointers/rc1.rs

@@ -60,17 +60,17 @@ mod tests {
         jupiter.details();
 
         // TODO
-        let saturn = Planet::Saturn(Rc::new(Sun));
+        let saturn = Planet::Saturn(Rc::clone(&sun));
         println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 7 references
         saturn.details();
 
         // TODO
-        let uranus = Planet::Uranus(Rc::new(Sun));
+        let uranus = Planet::Uranus(Rc::clone(&sun));
         println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 8 references
         uranus.details();
 
         // TODO
-        let neptune = Planet::Neptune(Rc::new(Sun));
+        let neptune = Planet::Neptune(Rc::clone(&sun));
         println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 9 references
         neptune.details();
 
@@ -92,12 +92,17 @@ mod tests {
         println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 4 references
 
         // TODO
+                drop(mercury);
+
         println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 3 references
 
         // TODO
+                drop(venus);
+
         println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 2 references
 
         // TODO
+            drop(earth);
         println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 1 reference
 
         assert_eq!(Rc::strong_count(&sun), 1);

exercises/20_threads/threads1.rs

@@ -24,6 +24,12 @@ fn main() {
     for handle in handles {
         // TODO: Collect the results of all threads into the `results` vector.
         // Use the `JoinHandle` struct which is returned by `thread::spawn`.
+      
+    match handle.join() {
+        Ok(val) => results.push(val),
+        Err(_)=>results.push(0)
+    }
+            
     }
 
     if results.len() != 10 {

exercises/20_threads/threads2.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // work. But this time, the spawned threads need to be in charge of updating a
 // shared value: `JobStatus.jobs_done`
 
-use std::{sync::Arc, thread, time::Duration};
+use std::{sync::{Arc, Mutex}, thread, time::Duration};
 
 struct JobStatus {
     jobs_done: u32,
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ struct JobStatus {
 
 fn main() {
     // TODO: `Arc` isn't enough if you want a **mutable** shared state.
-    let status = Arc::new(JobStatus { jobs_done: 0 });
+    let status = Arc::new(Mutex::new(JobStatus { jobs_done: 0 }));
 
     let mut handles = Vec::new();
     for _ in 0..10 {
@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@ fn main() {
             thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(250));
 
             // TODO: You must take an action before you update a shared value.
-            status_shared.jobs_done += 1;
+            let mut job_status = status_shared.lock().unwrap();
+            job_status.jobs_done += 1;
         });
         handles.push(handle);
     }
@@ -30,5 +31,5 @@ fn main() {
     }
 
     // TODO: Print the value of `JobStatus.jobs_done`.
-    println!("Jobs done: {}", todo!());
+    println!("Jobs done: {}", status.lock().unwrap().jobs_done);
 }

exercises/20_threads/threads3.rs

@@ -17,21 +17,25 @@ impl Queue {
 fn send_tx(q: Queue, tx: mpsc::Sender<u32>) {
     // TODO: We want to send `tx` to both threads. But currently, it is moved
     // into the first thread. How could you solve this problem?
+
+    let tx1=tx.clone();
     thread::spawn(move || {
         for val in q.first_half {
             println!("Sending {val:?}");
-            tx.send(val).unwrap();
+            tx1.send(val).unwrap();
             thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(250));
         }
     });
 
+    let tx2=tx.clone();
     thread::spawn(move || {
         for val in q.second_half {
             println!("Sending {val:?}");
-            tx.send(val).unwrap();
+            tx2.send(val).unwrap();
             thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(250));
         }
     });
+    
 }
 
 fn main() {

exercises/21_macros/macros1.rs

@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@ macro_rules! my_macro {
 
 fn main() {
     // TODO: Fix the macro call.
-    my_macro();
+    my_macro!();
 }

exercises/21_macros/macros2.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-fn main() {
-    my_macro!();
-}
-
 // TODO: Fix the compiler error by moving the whole definition of this macro.
 macro_rules! my_macro {
     () => {
         println!("Check out my macro!");
     };
 }
+
+fn main() {
+    my_macro!();
+}
+
+

exercises/21_macros/macros3.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 // TODO: Fix the compiler error without taking the macro definition out of this
 // module.
+#[macro_use]
 mod macros {
     macro_rules! my_macro {
         () => {

exercises/21_macros/macros4.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 macro_rules! my_macro {
     () => {
         println!("Check out my macro!");
-    }
+    };
     ($val:expr) => {
         println!("Look at this other macro: {}", $val);
     }

exercises/22_clippy/clippy1.rs

@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@
 //
 // For these exercises, the code will fail to compile when there are Clippy
 // warnings. Check Clippy's suggestions from the output to solve the exercise.
+use std::f32::consts::PI;
 
 fn main() {
     // TODO: Fix the Clippy lint in this line.
-    let pi = 3.14;
+    let pi = PI;
     let radius: f32 = 5.0;
 
     let area = pi * radius.powi(2);

exercises/22_clippy/clippy2.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ fn main() {
     let mut res = 42;
     let option = Some(12);
     // TODO: Fix the Clippy lint.
-    for x in option {
+    if let Some(x)= option {
         res += x;
     }
 

exercises/22_clippy/clippy3.rs

@@ -4,24 +4,25 @@
 #[rustfmt::skip]
 #[allow(unused_variables, unused_assignments)]
 fn main() {
-    let my_option: Option<()> = None;
+    let my_option: Option<()> = Some(());
     if my_option.is_none() {
-        println!("{:?}", my_option.unwrap());
+        println!("{my_option :?}");
     }
 
     let my_arr = &[
-        -1, -2, -3
+        -1, -2, -3,
         -4, -5, -6
     ];
     println!("My array! Here it is: {my_arr:?}");
 
-    let my_empty_vec = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5].resize(0, 5);
+    let my_empty_vec: () = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5].resize(0, 5);
     println!("This Vec is empty, see? {my_empty_vec:?}");
 
     let mut value_a = 45;
     let mut value_b = 66;
+    let  pivot=value_b;
     // Let's swap these two!
     value_a = value_b;
-    value_b = value_a;
+    value_b = pivot;
     println!("value a: {value_a}; value b: {value_b}");
 }

exercises/23_conversions/as_ref_mut.rs

@@ -5,20 +5,22 @@
 // Obtain the number of bytes (not characters) in the given argument
 // (`.len()` returns the number of bytes in a string).
 // TODO: Add the `AsRef` trait appropriately as a trait bound.
-fn byte_counter<T>(arg: T) -> usize {
+fn byte_counter<T:AsRef<str>>(arg: T) -> usize {
     arg.as_ref().len()
 }
 
 // Obtain the number of characters (not bytes) in the given argument.
 // TODO: Add the `AsRef` trait appropriately as a trait bound.
-fn char_counter<T>(arg: T) -> usize {
+fn char_counter<T:AsRef<str>>(arg: T) -> usize {
     arg.as_ref().chars().count()
 }
 
 // Squares a number using `as_mut()`.
 // TODO: Add the appropriate trait bound.
-fn num_sq<T>(arg: &mut T) {
+fn num_sq<T:AsMut<u32>>(arg: &mut T) {
     // TODO: Implement the function body.
+    let v = arg.as_mut();
+    *v=v.pow(2);
 }
 
 fn main() {

exercises/23_conversions/from_into.rs

@@ -34,7 +34,27 @@ impl Default for Person {
 // 5. Parse the second element from the split operation into a `u8` as the age.
 // 6. If parsing the age fails, return the default of `Person`.
 impl From<&str> for Person {
-    fn from(s: &str) -> Self {}
+    fn from(s: &str) -> Self {
+        let split: Vec<&str> = s.split(",").collect();
+
+        if split.len() != 2 {
+            return Self::default();
+        }
+        let name = split[0];
+        let age_str = split[1];
+
+        if name.is_empty() {
+            return Self::default();
+        }
+        
+        match age_str.parse::<u8>() {
+            Ok(age) => Person {
+                name: name.to_string(),
+                age,
+            },
+            Err(_) => Self::default(),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 fn main() {

exercises/23_conversions/from_str.rs

@@ -41,7 +41,27 @@ enum ParsePersonError {
 impl FromStr for Person {
     type Err = ParsePersonError;
 
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {}
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+         let split: Vec<&str> = s.split(",").collect();
+
+        if split.len() != 2 {
+            return Err(ParsePersonError::BadLen);
+        }
+        let name = split[0];
+        let age_str = split[1];
+
+        if name.is_empty() {
+            return Err(ParsePersonError::NoName);
+        }
+        
+        match age_str.parse::<u8>() {
+            Ok(age) => Ok(Person {
+                name: name.to_string(),
+                age,
+            }),
+            Err(e) => Err(ParsePersonError::ParseInt(e)),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 fn main() {

exercises/23_conversions/try_from_into.rs

@@ -28,14 +28,35 @@ enum IntoColorError {
 impl TryFrom<(i16, i16, i16)> for Color {
     type Error = IntoColorError;
 
-    fn try_from(tuple: (i16, i16, i16)) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {}
+    fn try_from(tuple: (i16, i16, i16)) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        let (a,b,c)=tuple;
+        if (0..=255).contains(&a) && (0..=255).contains(&b) && (0..=255).contains(&c) {
+            Ok(Color {
+                red: a as u8,
+                green: b as u8,
+                blue: c as u8,
+            })
+        } else {
+            Err(IntoColorError::IntConversion)
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 // TODO: Array implementation.
 impl TryFrom<[i16; 3]> for Color {
     type Error = IntoColorError;
 
-    fn try_from(arr: [i16; 3]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {}
+    fn try_from(arr: [i16; 3]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        if arr.iter().all(|num| (0..=255).contains(num)){
+           Ok(Color {
+                red: arr[0] as u8,
+                green: arr[1] as u8,
+                blue: arr[2] as u8,
+            })
+        } else {
+            Err(IntoColorError::IntConversion)
+        } 
+    }
 }
 
 // TODO: Slice implementation.
@@ -43,7 +64,21 @@ impl TryFrom<[i16; 3]> for Color {
 impl TryFrom<&[i16]> for Color {
     type Error = IntoColorError;
 
-    fn try_from(slice: &[i16]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {}
+    fn try_from(slice: &[i16]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        if  slice.len()!=3{
+            return Err(IntoColorError::BadLen);
+        };
+        
+        if slice.iter().all(|num| (0..=255).contains(num)) {
+           Ok(Color {
+                red: slice[0] as u8,
+                green: slice[1] as u8,
+                blue: slice[2] as u8,
+            })
+        } else {
+            Err(IntoColorError::IntConversion)
+        } 
+    }
 }
 
 fn main() {

exercises/23_conversions/using_as.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 fn average(values: &[f64]) -> f64 {
     let total = values.iter().sum::<f64>();
     // TODO: Make a conversion before dividing.
-    total / values.len()
+    total / values.len() as f64
 }
 
 fn main() {

exercises/README.md

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+![alt text](image.png)
 # Exercise to Book Chapter mapping
 
 | Exercise               | Book Chapter        |

solutions/19_smart_pointers/arc1.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,45 @@
+// In this exercise, we are given a `Vec` of `u32` called `numbers` with values
+// ranging from 0 to 99. We would like to use this set of numbers within 8
+// different threads simultaneously. Each thread is going to get the sum of
+// every eighth value with an offset.
+//
+// The first thread (offset 0), will sum 0, 8, 16, …
+// The second thread (offset 1), will sum 1, 9, 17, …
+// The third thread (offset 2), will sum 2, 10, 18, …
+// …
+// The eighth thread (offset 7), will sum 7, 15, 23, …
+//
+// Each thread should own a reference-counting pointer to the vector of
+// numbers. But `Rc` isn't thread-safe. Therefore, we need to use `Arc`.
+//
+// Don't get distracted by how threads are spawned and joined. We will practice
+// that later in the exercises about threads.
+
+// Don't change the lines below.
+#![forbid(unused_imports)]
+use std::{sync::Arc, thread};
+
 fn main() {
-    // DON'T EDIT THIS SOLUTION FILE!
+    let numbers: Vec<_> = (0..100u32).collect();
-    // It will be automatically filled after you finish the exercise.
+
+    let shared_numbers = Arc::new(numbers);
+    //                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+    let mut join_handles = Vec::new();
+
+    for offset in 0..8 {
+        let child_numbers = Arc::clone(&shared_numbers);
+        //                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+        let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
+            let sum: u32 = child_numbers.iter().filter(|&&n| n % 8 == offset).sum();
+            println!("Sum of offset {offset} is {sum}");
+        });
+
+        join_handles.push(handle);
+    }
+
+    for handle in join_handles.into_iter() {
+        handle.join().unwrap();
+    }
 }

solutions/19_smart_pointers/box1.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,47 @@
-fn main() {
+// At compile time, Rust needs to know how much space a type takes up. This
-    // DON'T EDIT THIS SOLUTION FILE!
+// becomes problematic for recursive types, where a value can have as part of
-    // It will be automatically filled after you finish the exercise.
+// itself another value of the same type. To get around the issue, we can use a
+// `Box` - a smart pointer used to store data on the heap, which also allows us
+// to wrap a recursive type.
+//
+// The recursive type we're implementing in this exercise is the "cons list", a
+// data structure frequently found in functional programming languages. Each
+// item in a cons list contains two elements: The value of the current item and
+// the next item. The last item is a value called `Nil`.
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+enum List {
+    Cons(i32, Box<List>),
+    Nil,
+}
+
+fn create_empty_list() -> List {
+    List::Nil
+}
+
+fn create_non_empty_list() -> List {
+    List::Cons(42, Box::new(List::Nil))
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    println!("This is an empty cons list: {:?}", create_empty_list());
+    println!(
+        "This is a non-empty cons list: {:?}",
+        create_non_empty_list(),
+    );
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_create_empty_list() {
+        assert_eq!(create_empty_list(), List::Nil);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_create_non_empty_list() {
+        assert_ne!(create_empty_list(), create_non_empty_list());
+    }
 }

solutions/19_smart_pointers/cow1.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,69 @@
-fn main() {
+// This exercise explores the `Cow` (Clone-On-Write) smart pointer. It can
-    // DON'T EDIT THIS SOLUTION FILE!
+// enclose and provide immutable access to borrowed data and clone the data
-    // It will be automatically filled after you finish the exercise.
+// lazily when mutation or ownership is required. The type is designed to work
+// with general borrowed data via the `Borrow` trait.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+
+fn abs_all(input: &mut Cow<[i32]>) {
+    for ind in 0..input.len() {
+        let value = input[ind];
+        if value < 0 {
+            // Clones into a vector if not already owned.
+            input.to_mut()[ind] = -value;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    // You can optionally experiment here.
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reference_mutation() {
+        // Clone occurs because `input` needs to be mutated.
+        let vec = vec![-1, 0, 1];
+        let mut input = Cow::from(&vec);
+        abs_all(&mut input);
+        assert!(matches!(input, Cow::Owned(_)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reference_no_mutation() {
+        // No clone occurs because `input` doesn't need to be mutated.
+        let vec = vec![0, 1, 2];
+        let mut input = Cow::from(&vec);
+        abs_all(&mut input);
+        assert!(matches!(input, Cow::Borrowed(_)));
+        //                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn owned_no_mutation() {
+        // We can also pass `vec` without `&` so `Cow` owns it directly. In this
+        // case, no mutation occurs (all numbers are already absolute) and thus
+        // also no clone. But the result is still owned because it was never
+        // borrowed or mutated.
+        let vec = vec![0, 1, 2];
+        let mut input = Cow::from(vec);
+        abs_all(&mut input);
+        assert!(matches!(input, Cow::Owned(_)));
+        //                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn owned_mutation() {
+        // Of course this is also the case if a mutation does occur (not all
+        // numbers are absolute). In this case, the call to `to_mut()` in the
+        // `abs_all` function returns a reference to the same data as before.
+        let vec = vec![-1, 0, 1];
+        let mut input = Cow::from(vec);
+        abs_all(&mut input);
+        assert!(matches!(input, Cow::Owned(_)));
+        //                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+    }
 }

solutions/19_smart_pointers/rc1.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,104 @@
-fn main() {
+// In this exercise, we want to express the concept of multiple owners via the
-    // DON'T EDIT THIS SOLUTION FILE!
+// `Rc<T>` type. This is a model of our solar system - there is a `Sun` type and
-    // It will be automatically filled after you finish the exercise.
+// multiple `Planet`s. The planets take ownership of the sun, indicating that
+// they revolve around the sun.
+
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Sun;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum Planet {
+    Mercury(Rc<Sun>),
+    Venus(Rc<Sun>),
+    Earth(Rc<Sun>),
+    Mars(Rc<Sun>),
+    Jupiter(Rc<Sun>),
+    Saturn(Rc<Sun>),
+    Uranus(Rc<Sun>),
+    Neptune(Rc<Sun>),
+}
+
+impl Planet {
+    fn details(&self) {
+        println!("Hi from {self:?}!");
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    // You can optionally experiment here.
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rc1() {
+        let sun = Rc::new(Sun);
+        println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 1 reference
+
+        let mercury = Planet::Mercury(Rc::clone(&sun));
+        println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 2 references
+        mercury.details();
+
+        let venus = Planet::Venus(Rc::clone(&sun));
+        println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 3 references
+        venus.details();
+
+        let earth = Planet::Earth(Rc::clone(&sun));
+        println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 4 references
+        earth.details();
+
+        let mars = Planet::Mars(Rc::clone(&sun));
+        println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 5 references
+        mars.details();
+
+        let jupiter = Planet::Jupiter(Rc::clone(&sun));
+        println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 6 references
+        jupiter.details();
+
+        let saturn = Planet::Saturn(Rc::clone(&sun));
+        println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 7 references
+        saturn.details();
+
+        // TODO
+        let uranus = Planet::Uranus(Rc::clone(&sun));
+        println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 8 references
+        uranus.details();
+
+        // TODO
+        let neptune = Planet::Neptune(Rc::clone(&sun));
+        println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 9 references
+        neptune.details();
+
+        assert_eq!(Rc::strong_count(&sun), 9);
+
+        drop(neptune);
+        println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 8 references
+
+        drop(uranus);
+        println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 7 references
+
+        drop(saturn);
+        println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 6 references
+
+        drop(jupiter);
+        println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 5 references
+
+        drop(mars);
+        println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 4 references
+
+        drop(earth);
+        println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 3 references
+
+        drop(venus);
+        println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 2 references
+
+        drop(mercury);
+        println!("reference count = {}", Rc::strong_count(&sun)); // 1 reference
+
+        assert_eq!(Rc::strong_count(&sun), 1);
+    }
 }

solutions/20_threads/threads1.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,37 @@
+// This program spawns multiple threads that each runs for at least 250ms, and
+// each thread returns how much time it took to complete. The program should
+// wait until all the spawned threads have finished and should collect their
+// return values into a vector.
+
+use std::{
+    thread,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
+
 fn main() {
-    // DON'T EDIT THIS SOLUTION FILE!
+    let mut handles = Vec::new();
-    // It will be automatically filled after you finish the exercise.
+    for i in 0..10 {
+        let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
+            let start = Instant::now();
+            thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(250));
+            println!("Thread {i} done");
+            start.elapsed().as_millis()
+        });
+        handles.push(handle);
+    }
+
+    let mut results = Vec::new();
+    for handle in handles {
+        // Collect the results of all threads into the `results` vector.
+        results.push(handle.join().unwrap());
+    }
+
+    if results.len() != 10 {
+        panic!("Oh no! Some thread isn't done yet!");
+    }
+
+    println!();
+    for (i, result) in results.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        println!("Thread {i} took {result}ms");
+    }
 }

solutions/20_threads/threads2.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,41 @@
-fn main() {
+// Building on the last exercise, we want all of the threads to complete their
-    // DON'T EDIT THIS SOLUTION FILE!
+// work. But this time, the spawned threads need to be in charge of updating a
-    // It will be automatically filled after you finish the exercise.
+// shared value: `JobStatus.jobs_done`
+
+use std::{
+    sync::{Arc, Mutex},
+    thread,
+    time::Duration,
+};
+
+struct JobStatus {
+    jobs_done: u32,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    // `Arc` isn't enough if you want a **mutable** shared state.
+    // We need to wrap the value with a `Mutex`.
+    let status = Arc::new(Mutex::new(JobStatus { jobs_done: 0 }));
+    //                    ^^^^^^^^^^^                          ^
+
+    let mut handles = Vec::new();
+    for _ in 0..10 {
+        let status_shared = Arc::clone(&status);
+        let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
+            thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(250));
+
+            // Lock before you update a shared value.
+            status_shared.lock().unwrap().jobs_done += 1;
+            //           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+        });
+        handles.push(handle);
+    }
+
+    // Waiting for all jobs to complete.
+    for handle in handles {
+        handle.join().unwrap();
+    }
+
+    println!("Jobs done: {}", status.lock().unwrap().jobs_done);
+    //                        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 }

solutions/20_threads/threads3.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,62 @@
-fn main() {
+use std::{sync::mpsc, thread, time::Duration};
-    // DON'T EDIT THIS SOLUTION FILE!
+
-    // It will be automatically filled after you finish the exercise.
+struct Queue {
+    first_half: Vec<u32>,
+    second_half: Vec<u32>,
+}
+
+impl Queue {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            first_half: vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+            second_half: vec![6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn send_tx(q: Queue, tx: mpsc::Sender<u32>) {
+    // Clone the sender `tx` first.
+    let tx_clone = tx.clone();
+    thread::spawn(move || {
+        for val in q.first_half {
+            println!("Sending {val:?}");
+            // Then use the clone in the first thread. This means that
+            // `tx_clone` is moved to the first thread and `tx` to the second.
+            tx_clone.send(val).unwrap();
+            thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(250));
+        }
+    });
+
+    thread::spawn(move || {
+        for val in q.second_half {
+            println!("Sending {val:?}");
+            tx.send(val).unwrap();
+            thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(250));
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    // You can optionally experiment here.
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn threads3() {
+        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
+        let queue = Queue::new();
+
+        send_tx(queue, tx);
+
+        let mut received = Vec::with_capacity(10);
+        for value in rx {
+            received.push(value);
+        }
+
+        received.sort();
+        assert_eq!(received, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]);
+    }
 }

solutions/21_macros/macros1.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
-fn main() {
+macro_rules! my_macro {
-    // DON'T EDIT THIS SOLUTION FILE!
+    () => {
-    // It will be automatically filled after you finish the exercise.
+        println!("Check out my macro!");
+    };
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    my_macro!();
+    //      ^
 }

solutions/21_macros/macros2.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
-fn main() {
+// Moved the macro definition to be before its call.
-    // DON'T EDIT THIS SOLUTION FILE!
+macro_rules! my_macro {
-    // It will be automatically filled after you finish the exercise.
+    () => {
+        println!("Check out my macro!");
+    };
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    my_macro!();
 }

solutions/21_macros/macros3.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,13 @@
-fn main() {
+// Added the attribute `macro_use` attribute.
-    // DON'T EDIT THIS SOLUTION FILE!
+#[macro_use]
-    // It will be automatically filled after you finish the exercise.
+mod macros {
+    macro_rules! my_macro {
+        () => {
+            println!("Check out my macro!");
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    my_macro!();
 }

solutions/21_macros/macros4.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,15 @@
-fn main() {
+// Added semicolons to separate the macro arms.
-    // DON'T EDIT THIS SOLUTION FILE!
+#[rustfmt::skip]
-    // It will be automatically filled after you finish the exercise.
+macro_rules! my_macro {
+    () => {
+        println!("Check out my macro!");
+    };
+    ($val:expr) => {
+        println!("Look at this other macro: {}", $val);
+    };
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    my_macro!();
+    my_macro!(7777);
 }

solutions/22_clippy/clippy1.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,17 @@
+// The Clippy tool is a collection of lints to analyze your code so you can
+// catch common mistakes and improve your Rust code.
+//
+// For these exercises, the code will fail to compile when there are Clippy
+// warnings. Check Clippy's suggestions from the output to solve the exercise.
+
+use std::f32::consts::PI;
+
 fn main() {
-    // DON'T EDIT THIS SOLUTION FILE!
+    // Use the more accurate `PI` constant.
-    // It will be automatically filled after you finish the exercise.
+    let pi = PI;
+    let radius: f32 = 5.0;
+
+    let area = pi * radius.powi(2);
+
+    println!("The area of a circle with radius {radius:.2} is {area:.5}");
 }

solutions/22_clippy/clippy2.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
 fn main() {
-    // DON'T EDIT THIS SOLUTION FILE!
+    let mut res = 42;
-    // It will be automatically filled after you finish the exercise.
+    let option = Some(12);
+    // Use `if-let` instead of iteration.
+    if let Some(x) = option {
+        res += x;
+    }
+
+    println!("{res}");
 }

solutions/22_clippy/clippy3.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,31 @@
+use std::mem;
+
+#[rustfmt::skip]
+#[allow(unused_variables, unused_assignments)]
 fn main() {
-    // DON'T EDIT THIS SOLUTION FILE!
+    let my_option: Option<()> = None;
-    // It will be automatically filled after you finish the exercise.
+    // `unwrap` of an `Option` after checking if it is `None` will panic.
+    // Use `if-let` instead.
+    if let Some(value) = my_option {
+        println!("{value:?}");
+    }
+
+    // A comma was missing.
+    let my_arr = &[
+        -1, -2, -3,
+        -4, -5, -6,
+    ];
+    println!("My array! Here it is: {:?}", my_arr);
+
+    let mut my_empty_vec = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+    // `resize` mutates a vector instead of returning a new one.
+    // `resize(0, …)` clears a vector, so it is better to use `clear`.
+    my_empty_vec.clear();
+    println!("This Vec is empty, see? {my_empty_vec:?}");
+
+    let mut value_a = 45;
+    let mut value_b = 66;
+    // Use `mem::swap` to correctly swap two values.
+    mem::swap(&mut value_a, &mut value_b);
+    println!("value a: {}; value b: {}", value_a, value_b);
 }

solutions/23_conversions/as_ref_mut.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,60 @@
-fn main() {
+// AsRef and AsMut allow for cheap reference-to-reference conversions. Read more
-    // DON'T EDIT THIS SOLUTION FILE!
+// about them at https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html and
-    // It will be automatically filled after you finish the exercise.
+// https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsMut.html, respectively.
+
+// Obtain the number of bytes (not characters) in the given argument
+// (`.len()` returns the number of bytes in a string).
+fn byte_counter<T: AsRef<str>>(arg: T) -> usize {
+    arg.as_ref().len()
+}
+
+// Obtain the number of characters (not bytes) in the given argument.
+fn char_counter<T: AsRef<str>>(arg: T) -> usize {
+    arg.as_ref().chars().count()
+}
+
+// Squares a number using `as_mut()`.
+fn num_sq<T: AsMut<u32>>(arg: &mut T) {
+    let arg = arg.as_mut();
+    *arg *= *arg;
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    // You can optionally experiment here.
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn different_counts() {
+        let s = "Café au lait";
+        assert_ne!(char_counter(s), byte_counter(s));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn same_counts() {
+        let s = "Cafe au lait";
+        assert_eq!(char_counter(s), byte_counter(s));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn different_counts_using_string() {
+        let s = String::from("Café au lait");
+        assert_ne!(char_counter(s.clone()), byte_counter(s));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn same_counts_using_string() {
+        let s = String::from("Cafe au lait");
+        assert_eq!(char_counter(s.clone()), byte_counter(s));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mut_box() {
+        let mut num: Box<u32> = Box::new(3);
+        num_sq(&mut num);
+        assert_eq!(*num, 9);
+    }
 }

solutions/23_conversions/from_into.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,136 @@
-fn main() {
+// The `From` trait is used for value-to-value conversions. If `From` is
-    // DON'T EDIT THIS SOLUTION FILE!
+// implemented, an implementation of `Into` is automatically provided.
-    // It will be automatically filled after you finish the exercise.
+// You can read more about it in the documentation:
+// https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Person {
+    name: String,
+    age: u8,
+}
+
+// We implement the Default trait to use it as a fallback when the provided
+// string is not convertible into a `Person` object.
+impl Default for Person {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: String::from("John"),
+            age: 30,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&str> for Person {
+    fn from(s: &str) -> Self {
+        let mut split = s.split(',');
+        let (Some(name), Some(age), None) = (split.next(), split.next(), split.next()) else {
+            //                      ^^^^ there should be no third element
+            return Self::default();
+        };
+
+        if name.is_empty() {
+            return Self::default();
+        }
+
+        let Ok(age) = age.parse() else {
+            return Self::default();
+        };
+
+        Self {
+            name: name.into(),
+            age,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    // Use the `from` function.
+    let p1 = Person::from("Mark,20");
+    println!("{p1:?}");
+
+    // Since `From` is implemented for Person, we are able to use `Into`.
+    let p2: Person = "Gerald,70".into();
+    println!("{p2:?}");
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_default() {
+        let dp = Person::default();
+        assert_eq!(dp.name, "John");
+        assert_eq!(dp.age, 30);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bad_convert() {
+        let p = Person::from("");
+        assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+        assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_good_convert() {
+        let p = Person::from("Mark,20");
+        assert_eq!(p.name, "Mark");
+        assert_eq!(p.age, 20);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bad_age() {
+        let p = Person::from("Mark,twenty");
+        assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+        assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_missing_comma_and_age() {
+        let p: Person = Person::from("Mark");
+        assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+        assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_missing_age() {
+        let p: Person = Person::from("Mark,");
+        assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+        assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_missing_name() {
+        let p: Person = Person::from(",1");
+        assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+        assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_missing_name_and_age() {
+        let p: Person = Person::from(",");
+        assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+        assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_missing_name_and_invalid_age() {
+        let p: Person = Person::from(",one");
+        assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+        assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_trailing_comma() {
+        let p: Person = Person::from("Mike,32,");
+        assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+        assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_trailing_comma_and_some_string() {
+        let p: Person = Person::from("Mike,32,dog");
+        assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+        assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+    }
 }

solutions/23_conversions/from_str.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,117 @@
-fn main() {
+// This is similar to the previous `from_into` exercise. But this time, we'll
-    // DON'T EDIT THIS SOLUTION FILE!
+// implement `FromStr` and return errors instead of falling back to a default
-    // It will be automatically filled after you finish the exercise.
+// value. Additionally, upon implementing `FromStr`, you can use the `parse`
+// method on strings to generate an object of the implementor type. You can read
+// more about it in the documentation:
+// https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
+
+use std::num::ParseIntError;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+struct Person {
+    name: String,
+    age: u8,
+}
+
+// We will use this error type for the `FromStr` implementation.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum ParsePersonError {
+    // Incorrect number of fields
+    BadLen,
+    // Empty name field
+    NoName,
+    // Wrapped error from parse::<u8>()
+    ParseInt(ParseIntError),
+}
+
+impl FromStr for Person {
+    type Err = ParsePersonError;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        let mut split = s.split(',');
+        let (Some(name), Some(age), None) = (split.next(), split.next(), split.next()) else {
+            //                      ^^^^ there should be no third element
+            return Err(ParsePersonError::BadLen);
+        };
+
+        if name.is_empty() {
+            return Err(ParsePersonError::NoName);
+        }
+
+        let age = age.parse().map_err(ParsePersonError::ParseInt)?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            name: name.into(),
+            age,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let p = "Mark,20".parse::<Person>();
+    println!("{p:?}");
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use ParsePersonError::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_input() {
+        assert_eq!("".parse::<Person>(), Err(BadLen));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn good_input() {
+        let p = "John,32".parse::<Person>();
+        assert!(p.is_ok());
+        let p = p.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+        assert_eq!(p.age, 32);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_age() {
+        assert!(matches!("John,".parse::<Person>(), Err(ParseInt(_))));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn invalid_age() {
+        assert!(matches!("John,twenty".parse::<Person>(), Err(ParseInt(_))));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_comma_and_age() {
+        assert_eq!("John".parse::<Person>(), Err(BadLen));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_name() {
+        assert_eq!(",1".parse::<Person>(), Err(NoName));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_name_and_age() {
+        assert!(matches!(",".parse::<Person>(), Err(NoName | ParseInt(_))));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_name_and_invalid_age() {
+        assert!(matches!(
+            ",one".parse::<Person>(),
+            Err(NoName | ParseInt(_)),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn trailing_comma() {
+        assert_eq!("John,32,".parse::<Person>(), Err(BadLen));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn trailing_comma_and_some_string() {
+        assert_eq!("John,32,man".parse::<Person>(), Err(BadLen));
+    }
 }

solutions/23_conversions/try_from_into.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,193 @@
-fn main() {
+// `TryFrom` is a simple and safe type conversion that may fail in a controlled
-    // DON'T EDIT THIS SOLUTION FILE!
+// way under some circumstances. Basically, this is the same as `From`. The main
-    // It will be automatically filled after you finish the exercise.
+// difference is that this should return a `Result` type instead of the target
+// type itself. You can read more about it in the documentation:
+// https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.TryFrom.html
+
+#![allow(clippy::useless_vec)]
+use std::convert::{TryFrom, TryInto};
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+struct Color {
+    red: u8,
+    green: u8,
+    blue: u8,
+}
+
+// We will use this error type for the `TryFrom` conversions.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum IntoColorError {
+    // Incorrect length of slice
+    BadLen,
+    // Integer conversion error
+    IntConversion,
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<(i16, i16, i16)> for Color {
+    type Error = IntoColorError;
+
+    fn try_from(tuple: (i16, i16, i16)) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        let (Ok(red), Ok(green), Ok(blue)) = (
+            u8::try_from(tuple.0),
+            u8::try_from(tuple.1),
+            u8::try_from(tuple.2),
+        ) else {
+            return Err(IntoColorError::IntConversion);
+        };
+
+        Ok(Self { red, green, blue })
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<[i16; 3]> for Color {
+    type Error = IntoColorError;
+
+    fn try_from(arr: [i16; 3]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        // Reuse the implementation for a tuple.
+        Self::try_from((arr[0], arr[1], arr[2]))
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<&[i16]> for Color {
+    type Error = IntoColorError;
+
+    fn try_from(slice: &[i16]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        // Check the length.
+        if slice.len() != 3 {
+            return Err(IntoColorError::BadLen);
+        }
+
+        // Reuse the implementation for a tuple.
+        Self::try_from((slice[0], slice[1], slice[2]))
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    // Using the `try_from` function.
+    let c1 = Color::try_from((183, 65, 14));
+    println!("{c1:?}");
+
+    // Since `TryFrom` is implemented for `Color`, we can use `TryInto`.
+    let c2: Result<Color, _> = [183, 65, 14].try_into();
+    println!("{c2:?}");
+
+    let v = vec![183, 65, 14];
+    // With slice we should use the `try_from` function
+    let c3 = Color::try_from(&v[..]);
+    println!("{c3:?}");
+    // or put the slice within round brackets and use `try_into`.
+    let c4: Result<Color, _> = (&v[..]).try_into();
+    println!("{c4:?}");
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use IntoColorError::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_tuple_out_of_range_positive() {
+        assert_eq!(Color::try_from((256, 1000, 10000)), Err(IntConversion));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_tuple_out_of_range_negative() {
+        assert_eq!(Color::try_from((-1, -10, -256)), Err(IntConversion));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_tuple_sum() {
+        assert_eq!(Color::try_from((-1, 255, 255)), Err(IntConversion));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_tuple_correct() {
+        let c: Result<Color, _> = (183, 65, 14).try_into();
+        assert!(c.is_ok());
+        assert_eq!(
+            c.unwrap(),
+            Color {
+                red: 183,
+                green: 65,
+                blue: 14,
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_array_out_of_range_positive() {
+        let c: Result<Color, _> = [1000, 10000, 256].try_into();
+        assert_eq!(c, Err(IntConversion));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_array_out_of_range_negative() {
+        let c: Result<Color, _> = [-10, -256, -1].try_into();
+        assert_eq!(c, Err(IntConversion));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_array_sum() {
+        let c: Result<Color, _> = [-1, 255, 255].try_into();
+        assert_eq!(c, Err(IntConversion));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_array_correct() {
+        let c: Result<Color, _> = [183, 65, 14].try_into();
+        assert!(c.is_ok());
+        assert_eq!(
+            c.unwrap(),
+            Color {
+                red: 183,
+                green: 65,
+                blue: 14
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_slice_out_of_range_positive() {
+        let arr = [10000, 256, 1000];
+        assert_eq!(Color::try_from(&arr[..]), Err(IntConversion));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_slice_out_of_range_negative() {
+        let arr = [-256, -1, -10];
+        assert_eq!(Color::try_from(&arr[..]), Err(IntConversion));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_slice_sum() {
+        let arr = [-1, 255, 255];
+        assert_eq!(Color::try_from(&arr[..]), Err(IntConversion));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_slice_correct() {
+        let v = vec![183, 65, 14];
+        let c: Result<Color, _> = Color::try_from(&v[..]);
+        assert!(c.is_ok());
+        assert_eq!(
+            c.unwrap(),
+            Color {
+                red: 183,
+                green: 65,
+                blue: 14,
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_slice_excess_length() {
+        let v = vec![0, 0, 0, 0];
+        assert_eq!(Color::try_from(&v[..]), Err(BadLen));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_slice_insufficient_length() {
+        let v = vec![0, 0];
+        assert_eq!(Color::try_from(&v[..]), Err(BadLen));
+    }
 }

solutions/23_conversions/using_as.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,24 @@
-fn main() {
+// Type casting in Rust is done via the usage of the `as` operator.
-    // DON'T EDIT THIS SOLUTION FILE!
+// Note that the `as` operator is not only used when type casting. It also helps
-    // It will be automatically filled after you finish the exercise.
+// with renaming imports.
+
+fn average(values: &[f64]) -> f64 {
+    let total = values.iter().sum::<f64>();
+    total / values.len() as f64
+    //                   ^^^^^^
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let values = [3.5, 0.3, 13.0, 11.7];
+    println!("{}", average(&values));
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn returns_proper_type_and_value() {
+        assert_eq!(average(&[3.5, 0.3, 13.0, 11.7]), 7.125);
+    }
 }