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- file_io2: replace the manual line_number counter with .lines().enumerate(), and replace buffered_file_writer.write(format!(...).as_bytes()) with writeln!, which both formats and guarantees a complete write (write_fmt loops internally, unlike a single Write::write call). - file_io3: replace the manual match on file_path.parent() with .ok_or_else(...)? for a more idiomatic Option-to-Result conversion. Verified locally: both solutions compile under edition 2024, clippy is silent, and running them still produces identical output (3 lines processed / 117-byte file, non-readonly permissions) with no leftover files.
File IO
Rust provides several file I/O functions in the standard library. Buffered reads and writes provide better performance by reducing the number of underlying system calls.
Learning goals
- file_io1 — Read an entire file into memory with
fs::read_to_stringand handle theResultit returns instead of unwrapping blindly, so you get comfortable with the basic "open, read, handle the error" pattern that most file I/O in Rust builds on. - file_io2 — Wrap a
Filein aBufReaderto read it line by line and aBufWriterto write the transformed output, so you understand why buffering matters for I/O performance and howBufRead::lineslets you process input incrementally instead of loading it all at once. - file_io3 — Build a path with
PathBuf, then call.metadata()to inspect properties like creation time, size, and permissions, so you can work with the filesystem safely across platforms without hardcoding path separators.
Further information
Here is the documentation for these functions in the standard library.